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elephants in snow - the history



814 BC Founding of Carthage

425 Hanno travels to the west coast of Africa and Himilko to the coast of Brittany.

264 The first Punic War begins.

247 Hamilkar Barca takes command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily. Hannibal is born.

244 Hamilkar besieges Monte Eryx in western Sicily.

242 Roman victory over the Carthaginian Navy.

241 The end of the First Punic War.

240 Revolt amongst Carthaginian mercenaries.

237 Hamilkar crushes Carthaginian mercenary revolt.

237 - 236 Hamilkar and his son Hannibal leave North Africa on their way to Spain. At departure, Hannibal swears "never to be a friend to the Romans".

235 - 230 The Carthaginians expand their power base with their conquest of Spain.

231 Founding of Cartage Nova (Carthagena) trough Hasdrubal.

230 Death of Hamilkar. His brother-in-law Hasdrubal takes command of the Carthaginian forces in Spain.

226 Hasdrubal and Rome agree on the boundaries of areas over which they rule; the Carthaginian Empire ends at the south shore of the Ebro.

221 Hasdrubal is murdered. Hannibal becomes the new commander.

219 Hannibal conquers Saguntum.

218 Outbreak of the second Punic War. Hannibal departs in June from Carthagena, Spain with 90,000 soldiers and 12,000 riders. After the crossing of the Pyrenees, 50,000 men and 9,000 riders remain. He reaches the Alps in November. He departs the Rhone river with 38,000 men on foot and 8,000 riders. With only 14,000 men and 6,000 cavalry remaining, but all 37 elephants, he reaches the river Po after 15 days. Before the end of the year, he conquers the Roman army under the command of Scipio d.A. at the Trebia River.

217 Almost blind, Hannibal leads his troops on the last elephant "Surus" through the marshes along the Arno. Later, he destroys the army of consul Flaminius at the Trasimenian Lake, shortly thereafter, the cavalry of the consul Servilius. Rome is now defenceless and a dictatorship is formed under Quintus Fabius Maximus.

216 With 40,000 foot soldiers and 10,000 cavalry, Hannibal crushes the Romans under the consul Servilius and Atilius, who had stood for battle at Cannae with 80,000 men and 6,000 riders. The Romans lose more than 70,000 fighters, which are more soldiers, than the Royal Air Force lost during World War I and II combined. Many allies in the southern part of the country break with Rome. Hannibal erects his headquarters in Capua.

215 The Roman treasury is bankrupt. Hiero of Syracuse dies. Heir to the throne is Hieronymus. Syracuse rises up against Rome.

214 Hieronymus is murdered. Riots break out in Sicily.

213 Marcellus plunders Leontini and besieges Syracuse. Tarentum takes sides with Hannibal.

212 Marcellus conquers Syracuse. Archimedes is killed. Hannibal defeats the Romans in Apulia.

211 Hannibal marches on Rome. Capua surrenders to the Roman troops.

210 Again the Romans are defeated in Apulia. They are victorious in putting down the unrests in Sicily.

209 Fabius conquers Tarentum back. 12 Latin colonies oppose any further war service. 208 Scipio defeats Hannibal`s brother in Spain. Hasdrubal crosses the Pyrenees and reaches the transalpine Gallia.

207 Hasdrubal crosses the Alps and reaches the zisalpine Gallia. Scipio defeats the last Carthaginian army in Spain. Hasdrubal is killed in action in the lost battle at the Metaurus.

206 Hannibal`s youngest brother Mago leaves Spain and sails to the Balearean Isles. The war in Spain comes to an end.

205 Mago lands in Liguria and conquers Genoa and Savona.

204 Scipio reaches land in North Africa with his army.

203 Hannibal leaves Italy for the last time. For 16 years, he has remained in the land of his enemy. During this time, Rome sent a total of 750.000 troops to fight him.

202 Hannibal is defeated by Scipio (Africanus) in the battle at Zama. End of the second Punic War.

201 The Romans and Carthaginians sign a peace treaty.

200 Hannibal becomes chairman (Sufet) of the Magistrate in Carthage. He reorganizes the economy and the money market and succeeds in the recovery of the political system despite considerable reparation payments to Rome. He is top statesman for five years.

195 The privilege-less nobility of Carthage betrays Hannibal to Rome, who flees to Tyrus, the old capital of the Phoenicians and founding city of Carthage, and offers his services to the Seleukide kingdom.

197 Philipp of Macedonia is defeated by Rome.

183 Hannibal kills himself in his last exile, Bithynia, in order to avoid his capture and execution in Rome.

149 - 146 Third Punic War.

146 Destruction of Carthage


Hannibal represented the only threat to Rome`s vision of its empire through to its fall.